Sex differences in cardiovascular risk associated with long-term PM2.5 exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Established evidence suggests risks of developing cardiovascular disease are different by sex. However, it remains unclear whether associations of PM2.5 with cardiovascular risk are comparable between women and men. The meta-analysis aimed to examine sex differences in associations of ischemic heart disease and stroke with long-term PM2.5 exposure.